DETAINED ABROAD
Foreign nationals imprisoned across the Indo-Pacific face acute vulnerabilities in the criminal justice system. Unfamiliar laws, language barriers, and inadequate legal representation leave them disproportionately exposed to the risk of torture and ill-treatment in custody, and to the application of the death penalty. These risks are compounded when consular access is denied or delayed. Without timely notification of their right to embassy or consulate support, foreign nationals may unknowingly waive critical legal protections, face trial without adequate representation, and remain unaccounted for to their families for months or years.
Detained Abroad is a free legal resource that maps the rights of foreign nationals who are imprisoned, facing the death penalty, or at risk of torture across the Indo-Pacific region. For each country, it examines the applicable domestic legal framework, identifies where it falls short of international standards, and sets out the protections and remedies available in practice, including the procedures that allow foreign nationals to serve their sentences in their home country.
For a consolidated overview of the international legal standards referenced across this site, see the International Legal Framework page.
Maldives
Death Penalty
International obligations:
Acceded (2006)
Not Ratified
Torture & Ill-Treatment
Anti-Torture Act 2013; Penal Code 2014; Prisons and Parole Act 2018
International obligations:
Acceded (2004)
Ratified (2006)
Imprisoned Foreign Nationals
International obligations:
Ratified (1991)
Criminal Procedure Act (Act No. 12/2016)
Situation Overview
2026
DRUGS ACT AMENDED
Unanimous Verdict Required
Read more…Death Penalty Extended to Drug Trafficking: In March 2026, amendments to the Drugs Act came into effect, introducing the death penalty for large-scale drug trafficking. The law mandates execution for smuggling quantities exceeding 350g of cannabis or 100g of other Category 1 drugs, provided the Supreme Court bench reaches a unanimous verdict. Crucially, the amendment prohibits pardons, commutations, or plea bargains for these offences.
2013
ANTI-TORTURE ACT
Impunity Concerns
Read more…Torture and Accountability: Torture and ill-treatment in custody are prohibited under the Anti-Torture Act 2013 and the Constitution, but documented concerns persist. UNCAT 2018 review found credible allegations of torture during states of emergency, a lack of judicial independence, and widespread impunity. The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture raised concerns that Penal Code defences may apply to acts of ill-treatment in ways inconsistent with UNCAT.
ICCPR
ARTICLE 14 VIOLATIONS
Procedural Failures
Read more…Fair Trial and Detention Concerns The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found that many detainees lacked meaningful access to legal counsel, pre-trial detention hearings frequently failed to examine individual circumstances, and anonymous witnesses were used in criminal proceedings in violation of Article 14(3)(e) ICCPR. Pre-trial and convicted detainees were held together in a number of facilities.
8.8%
PRISON POPULATION
Compounded Vulnerabilities
Read more…Foreign Nationals in Custody: Foreign nationals represent 8.8% of the total prison population (February 2024), primarily from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. They are disproportionately represented among those imprisoned for drug offences. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention noted that language barriers, difficulties retaining legal counsel, and policing bias create compounded vulnerabilities for migrant detainees.
Legal Framework in Practice
Detention & Identity
Who qualifies as a foreign national under the law of Maldives?
Under the Immigration Act (Act No. 1/2007), a foreign national is any person who is not a Maldivian national. The Act regulates their entry, stay, and deportation based on eight distinct visa categories, including Tourist, Work, Student, and Resident visas.
Under Article 9 of the Constitution (2008), citizenship is restricted to those born to at least one Maldivian parent or those who naturalise. Crucially, Article 9(d) creates a religious barrier: “a non-Muslim may not become a citizen of the Maldives.” This makes the Maldives one of the few jurisdictions where religious identity is a legal prerequisite for nationality.[8]Immigration Act (Act No. 1/2007) ss 1(a), 4(a), available at: maldives.iom.int; Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008, available at: refworld.org
What are the basic rights of a foreign national upon arrest or detention?
In the Maldives, foreign nationals are entitled to a set of fundamental procedural rights under the Constitution (2008) and the Criminal Procedure Act (Act No. 12/2016). While the Constitution generally protects “everyone,” specific practical barriers exist for non-citizens.
- Right to Information: To be informed promptly, in a language they understand, of the reason for their arrest and the nature of the charges.
- Right to Counsel: To retain and instruct a lawyer without delay. If the person is accused of a “serious offence” (including murder or the new 2026 drug trafficking categories) and cannot afford a lawyer, the State is theoretically obligated to provide one.
- Right to Silence: To remain silent and not be compelled to testify against oneself or confess guilt.
- Habeas Corpus: To be brought before a judge within 24 hours to determine the validity of the detention.
- Interpretation Services: The Criminal Procedure Act explicitly mandates the provision of a certified interpreter if the accused does not understand Dhivehi.[9]Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008, available at: refworld.org; Criminal Procedure Act (Act No. 12/2016), available at: lethun.pgo.mv
What right does a foreign national have to contact their embassy or consulate?
Under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR), which the Maldives ratified in 1991, authorities must inform an arrested foreign national of their right to have their consulate notified “without delay”. Despite ratification, there is no specific provision or domestic statute that explicitly mandates this notification. Because the Maldives follows a “dualist” legal system, international treaties are not directly enforceable in domestic courts unless incorporated into an Act of Parliament (Constitution Art. 93).
In practice, consular notification is typically facilitated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs through administrative protocols rather than as a statutory right of the detainee. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (2022) noted that many foreign detainees were not informed of this right at the time of arrest, leading to delays in their embassies being able to provide legal or humanitarian aid.[10]UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Report on its Visit to Maldives (2022) UN Doc A/HRC/51/29/Add.1, paras 65–67, available at: ohchr.org
What protections exist for foreign nationals who have no embassy, or who are stateless or a refugee?
The Maldives is not a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol, the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, or the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. There is no domestic asylum system, no refugee status determination procedure, and no legal definition of statelessness in Maldivian law. A foreign national without an embassy (including a stateless person) has no specific legal framework available to them in the Maldives and no simplified or expedited process for obtaining protection.
The general constitutional protections against arbitrary detention and torture apply to all persons within the Maldives regardless of nationality. However, beyond these baseline guarantees, stateless persons and those without consular representation have no dedicated legal recourse. UNHCR does not have a formal presence or agreement with the Maldives that would provide an alternative channel of support.
The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention has noted that “unrepresented” foreign nationals are at a severe disadvantage. They lack the institutional support needed to navigate the Maldivian legal system, find certified interpreters, or secure legal aid for non-capital offences.[11]UNHCR, ‘Preliminary Observations and Recommendations: UPR 22 — Maldives’ (2015), available at: upr-info.org; UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Report on its Visit to Maldives, UN Doc A/HRC/51/29/Add.1, ohchr.org
LEGAL REPRESENTATION
Is legal representation state-provided or does a foreign national need to arrange it independently?
In the Maldives, the right to legal counsel is a constitutional guarantee, but the provision of State-funded representation is strictly limited by the nature of the offence and the financial status of the accused.
Constitutional framework
Article 53 of the Constitution establishes two distinct rights:
- Article 53(a): Everyone has the right to retain and instruct legal counsel at any stage when assistance is required. This applies from the moment of arrest, regardless of nationality.
- Article 53(b): In serious criminal cases (including murder and terrorism) the State must provide a lawyer for any accused person who cannot afford one. The Attorney General’s Office administers these appointments. To qualify, the accused must be over 18, charged with a serious criminal offence, and demonstrate financial inability to retain private counsel.
For offences that do not meet the serious criminal threshold, no state-funded representation is available. The accused must arrange and fund private counsel independently.
Access in practice
The right to legal assistance is not consistently guaranteed in practice. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found:
- Many detainees do not have unfettered access to legal counsel during pretrial detention and trial proceedings.
- To access their lawyer, detainees must submit a written request to prison officers; a response takes at least two days.
- A detainee can only meet with a lawyer who has registered with the Correctional Services for their specific case — administrative errors with registration can prevent contact altogether.
- The Working Group interviewed numerous detainees who experienced significant delays; some were unable to contact a lawyer at all.
The Working Group called on the Government to ensure that all persons upon apprehension are informed of and enabled to exercise their right to legal assistance by counsel of their choice, or at no cost if they cannot afford one, in accordance with section 44 of the Criminal Procedure Act.
Additional vulnerabilities for foreign nationals
Language barriers compound these difficulties further. The Working Group found that in the immigration detention context, no legal or interpretation assistance is provided. Because proceedings and communications are conducted in Dhivehi, migrants face barriers even in making basic requests, including requests to contact their embassies.[12]Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008, available at: refworld.org; Criminal Procedure Act (Act No. 12/2016), available at: lethun.pgo.mv; UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Report on its Visit to Maldives (2022) UN Doc A/HRC/51/29/Add.1, paras 39–40, ohchr.org
Torture & Ill-Treatment
What legal protections exist against torture and ill-treatment in Maldives?
Domestic legal framework
- Constitution, Article 54: No person shall be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or to torture. This prohibition applies to all persons within the Maldives regardless of nationality.
- Anti-Torture Act 2013 (Act No. 13/2013): The primary domestic legislation criminalising torture committed by public officials. The Act prohibits torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in state custody, including by law enforcement officers, prison officials, and any person acting in an official capacity.
- Penal Code 2014 and Prisons and Parole Act 2018: Provide additional regulatory frameworks governing conditions of detention and conduct of prison staff.
Oversight mechanisms
The Human Rights Commission of the Maldives (HRCM) is designated as the National Preventive Mechanism (NPM) under OPCAT. Under the Human Rights Commission Act (No. 6/2006), the HRCM has authority to receive complaints, conduct inquiries into human rights violations, and inspect any premises where persons are detained. The National Integrity Commission, the Inspector of the Correctional Service, the Prosecutor General, and several parliamentary committees also hold mandates to conduct oversight visits to detention facilities.
Documented concerns
The legal framework has not translated into consistent accountability in practice. The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, following his 2019 visit, found that cases submitted to the Prosecutor General are routinely dismissed for lack of sufficient evidence, resulting in what he described as near-complete impunity. The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention similarly found that oversight bodies (including the HRCM) are under-resourced and unable to discharge their mandate effectively across the country’s dispersed geography.[13]Constitution of the Republic of Maldives (2008), art 54, available at: refworld.org; Anti-Torture Act (Act No. 13/2013); Human Rights Commission Act (Act No. 6/2006) ss 20–21, available at: mvlaw.gov.mv; OHCHR, ‘Committee Against Torture Reviews the Initial Report of Maldives’ (28 November 2018), ohchr.org
What recourse is available if a foreign national has been tortured or mistreated in custody?
Formal complaints channels
A foreign national who has been tortured or mistreated in custody may seek recourse through the following mechanisms:
- Human Rights Commission of the Maldives (HRCM): Under the Human Rights Commission Act, the HRCM can receive complaints, investigate allegations, and inspect detention facilities. As the designated NPM under OPCAT, it has specific authority to monitor places of deprivation of liberty.
- Anti-Torture Act 2013: Provides for criminal accountability; officials responsible for torture may face investigation and prosecution. Victims are entitled to seek investigation and redress through the criminal justice system.
- National Integrity Commission: Has authority to investigate complaints of misconduct against law enforcement officers.
- Courts: Article 54 of the Constitution is directly enforceable. A detainee may apply to court for a remedy under Article 65 of the Constitution, which provides the right to apply to court to obtain a remedy for violations of fundamental rights.
Limitations in practice
In practice, recourse is limited. The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, in their 2019 visit report, found that despite hundreds of complaints submitted to the HRCM and National Integrity Commission since 2013, no Maldivian official has ever been held accountable and no victim has received redress. Cases forwarded to the Prosecutor General are routinely dismissed for insufficient evidence. The HRCM itself is under-resourced, and the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found that detainees who had met with monitoring bodies frequently received no follow-up. For foreign nationals specifically, language barriers and lack of legal assistance in immigration detention further reduce the realistic ability to lodge and pursue complaints.
DEATH PENALTY
Which offences carry the death penalty in Maldives?
The following offences are punishable by death under Maldivian law.
- Murder: The Penal Code 2014 (Act No. 9/2014) provides for the death penalty in cases of intentional homicide. The legal basis derives from Qisas — a principle under Islamic law whereby the family of a murder victim holds the right to demand retributive punishment equivalent to the harm suffered. The Qisas-based death penalty is therefore not imposed solely at the discretion of the state. Where the victim’s family invokes Qisas, the court is bound to impose the death sentence. The family may, however, elect to accept Diyya (financial compensation) or grant pardon, in which case the death sentence is not imposed or falls away.
- Drug trafficking: In March 2026, amendments to the Drugs Act came into effect extending the death penalty to large-scale drug trafficking. The amended law mandates the death penalty for smuggling quantities exceeding 350g of cannabis or 100g of other Category 1 drugs, where the Supreme Court bench reaches a unanimous verdict. The law expressly prohibits pardons, commutations, and plea bargains for these offences.
- Terrorism resulting in death: Under section 6(a) of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1990 (Act No. 10/1990), terrorism resulting in death is punishable by death.
- Treason: Certain treasonable offences are punishable by death under the Penal Code 2014, including causing harm to the President in contravention of Shariah or law, and committing acts to the detriment of the government, its sovereignty, or territory.[14]Penal Code of the Maldives (Act No. 9/2014) https://old.mvlaw.gov.mv/pdf/translation/PC1.pdf; Drugs Act of the Maldives (as amended March 2026); Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions 2024 (Amnesty International 2025) 22 https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act50/8976/2025/en/; Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide, ‘Maldives’ https://deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country/maldives/.
What additional protections apply to a foreign national facing a capital charge?
Foreign nationals facing the death penalty in the Maldives are entitled to the same procedural rights as Maldivian nationals, plus additional safeguards that apply specifically by virtue of their status as non-citizens.
Right to interpretation and legal aid: A foreign national who does not understand Dhivehi is entitled under the Criminal Procedure Act (Act No. 12/2016) to interpretation in criminal proceedings, though documented failures in practice have been noted. Foreigners are also entitled to a State-provided lawyer under Article 53(b) of the Constitution.
Bars to sentencing and execution: The 2014 procedural regulations governing implementation of the death penalty specify that the following persons cannot be executed:
- Persons who were under 18 at the time of the offence — The Protection Of The Rights of Children Act 2019 strictly prohibit the death penalty for anyone under the age of 18 at the time of the offence.
- Persons who are ill — execution must be suspended until recovery.
- Pregnant women and new mothers — execution must be suspended until the child is two years old.
The UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Executions has also called on the Maldives to refrain from imposing capital punishment on anyone who has developed a mental disability. There is no confirmed domestic statutory bar on this ground equivalent to those listed above.
Right to appeal and prohibition on execution pending appeal
All death sentences are subject to appeal through the High Court and the Supreme Court. No execution may lawfully be carried out while an appeal remains pending. Under the March 2026 Drugs Act amendments, a death sentence for drug trafficking additionally requires a unanimous Supreme Court verdict.
Consular notification and access
The right to consular assistance under VCCR is the most critical additional protection in a capital case. In practice, however, the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found that foreign nationals in the Maldives are frequently not informed of their right to contact their embassy, and that language barriers prevent them from effectively making that request even where the right formally exists.[15]Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008 https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2008/en/61202; Protection Of The Rights of Children Act (2019) https://lethun.pgo.mv/en/laws/f3f688a7-7c1c-433c-b5fa-51bcb61d9373; UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, ‘Report on its Visit to Maldives’ (6 July 2022) UN Doc A/HRC/51/29/Add.1 https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc5129add1-visit-maldives-report-working-group-arbitrary-detention.
Can evidence or documentation from a foreign national’s home country be submitted in proceedings?
Yes. Maldivian criminal procedure permits documentary evidence to be submitted in court. A foreign national facing charges may rely on documents originating from their home country (such as identity documents, birth certificates, medical records, character references, or witness statements) provided those documents meet the requirements for authentication and are relevant to the case.
The Maldives is not a party to the Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents (the Apostille Convention). Therefore, the following procedure must be followed:
- Notarisation: The document must be notarised in the country of origin.
- Foreign Ministry Attestation: It must be stamped by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the home country.
- Diplomatic Legalisation: It must then be attested by the Maldives Embassy or Consulate in that country, or by the home country’s embassy in Malé.
- Translation: Any document not in English or Dhivehi must be translated by a certified translator recognised by the Maldivian authorities
Role of the consulate
The consulate plays a practical role in facilitating evidence-gathering from the home country, including locating documents, liaising with home country authorities, and assisting with the legalisation process. This is one of the reasons early consular notification is critical in capital cases — delay reduces the time available to assemble and authenticate evidence before trial.[16]Evidence Act (Act No. 11/2022) https://lethun.pgo.mv/en/laws/69169bca-3b44-4ffa-ab86-84add1ef786a; Criminal Procedure Act (Act No. 12/2016) https://lethun.pgo.mv/en/laws/be3e9b42-f959-44d2-b1b6-bb28a167c58c.
What pardon or clemency mechanisms are available?
The Maldives provides two distinct tracks for pardon and clemency: one based on statutory executive power and another rooted in Islamic Shari’ah. However, the March 2026 Drugs Act has created a significant “no-clemency” zone for specific capital offences.
Presidential clemency: the general framework
Under Article 115 of the Constitution of the Maldives (2008), the President has the power to grant pardons or reductions of sentence, as provided by law, to persons convicted of a criminal offence who have no further right of appeal. This constitutional power is given effect through the Clemency Act (Act No. 2/2010), which sets out the conditions and procedure for the exercise of presidential clemency.
Where presidential clemency is available, an application may be submitted by the prisoner, their legal representative, or family members, once all rights of appeal have been exhausted. The President considers the application with reference to the condition of the sentenced person, applicable legal norms, the interests of the state, and the principles of humanity. The President may commute a death sentence to a life sentence or grant a full pardon. No statutory right to an oral hearing exists, and the President is not required to give reasons for the decision.
Murder (Qisas): victim’s family
For intentional homicide (the primary capital offence under the Penal Code) the operative mechanism is not presidential clemency but the Islamic law doctrine of Qisas (retaliation). Under this framework, the victim’s heirs hold the decisive power: they may demand the death sentence, accept Diyya (blood money, a form of financial compensation) in lieu of execution, or grant a pardon. If any single heir pardons the convict, the death penalty will not be carried out.
Drug trafficking: no clemency available
The March 2026 Drugs Act amendments expressly prohibit pardons, commutations, and plea bargains for those sentenced to death for drug trafficking offences. This provision directly eliminates the ICCPR Article 6(4) safeguard for this category of capital offence and represents a serious international law incompatibility.[17]Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008 https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2008/en/61202; Clemency Act (Act No. 2/2010); World Coalition Against the Death Penalty, TAHR, WCADP, CPJP and ADPAN, ‘The Maldives’ Compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (LOIPR submission)’ https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/Res/maldives_tahr_wcadp_cpjp_adpan_death_penalty_loipr.pdf; ‘Capital punishment for drug trafficking comes into effect’ (7 March 2026) https://en.mmtv.mv/8672.
Repatriation
Under what conditions can a foreign national apply to serve their sentence in their home country?
No domestic legislation governing the transfer of sentenced persons has been identified. A foreign national’s ability to serve their sentence at home therefore depends entirely on whether a bilateral prisoner transfer agreement exists between the Maldives and their home country, and on the consent of both governments.
International framework
The primary international reference point is the UN Model Agreement on the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners (GA Res 40/32, 1985). It is not a binding treaty but sets out the foundational conditions on which bilateral agreements are typically built. Under the Model Agreement, a transfer requires: the prisoner’s voluntary and informed consent; a final conviction with all appeals exhausted; dual criminality (the offence must be punishable under the laws of both countries); and the consent of both the detaining and receiving states. Transfer is grounded in the principle of social reintegration — the recognition that rehabilitation is better served close to family and support networks.
Bilateral agreements
The Maldives has confirmed bilateral prisoner transfer agreements with at least Sri Lanka and India.
For Sri Lanka, a transfer may only proceed where all of the following conditions are met:
- the prisoner is a national of the receiving state
- the conviction is final, or the prisoner has waived all rights of appeal
- at least six months of the sentence remains to be served at the time the transfer request is received, or the sentence is indeterminate
- the prisoner has given voluntary and informed consent (or, where age or physical or mental condition requires it, a person authorised to act on their behalf has consented)
- dual criminality is satisfied — the acts for which the sentence was imposed constitute a criminal offence under the law of the receiving state, or would do so if committed on its territory
- both the transferring and receiving states agree to the transfer
Once transferred, the receiving state continues enforcement of the original sentence, which may not be aggravated in nature or duration, and may not exceed the maximum prescribed by the law of the receiving state. Either party may grant amnesty or commutation in accordance with its own constitution or laws. The power of pardon rests with the transferring state unless both parties agree otherwise. The transferring state retains sole authority to decide any application for review of the judgment.[18]Agreement between Sri Lanka and Maldives on Transfer of Prisoners (2008), available at: moj.gov.lk; Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, available at: mha.gov.in
Rights Matrix
Foreign nationals imprisoned in Maldives face distinct vulnerabilities that require enhanced legal protections beyond those afforded to Maldivian nationals. The following table outlines the specific rights available to foreign nationals imprisoned in Maldives under both international and domestic law, highlighting where protections exist and where critical gaps remain.
| Right | International Law | Domestic Law |
|---|---|---|
| Right to be informed of reason for arrest in a language understood | ICCPR Art 9(2); Art 14(3)(a) | Constitution 2008; Criminal Procedure Act 2016 |
| Right to legal counsel from point of arrest | ICCPR Art 14(3)(b) and (d) | Constitution 2008; Criminal Procedure Act 2016 |
| State-funded legal representation for serious offences | ICCPR Art 14(3)(d) | Constitution 2008 |
| Right to remain silent and not self-incriminate | ICCPR Art 14(3)(g) | Constitution 2008; Criminal Procedure Act 2016 |
| Right to be brought before a judge promptly (habeas corpus) | ICCPR Art 9(3) | Constitution 2008 — within 24 hours |
| Right to interpretation in criminal proceedings | ICCPR Art 14(3)(f) | Criminal Procedure Act 2016 |
| Consular notification and access | VCCR Art 36 | No dedicated domestic statute. Facilitated by Ministry of Foreign Affairs through administrative protocols. |
| Protection against torture and ill-treatment | UNCAT, Arts 2, 12–16; ICCPR Art 7 | Constitution 2008; Anti-Torture Act 2013; Penal Code 2014; Prisons and Parole Act 2018 |
| Right to file a complaint about torture or mistreatment | UNCAT Art 13 | Anti-Torture Act 2013; Human Rights Commission Act 2006 |
| Independent monitoring of detention facilities | OPCAT | Human Rights Commission of the Maldives (designated NPM) |
| Right to appeal a death sentence | ICCPR Arts 6 and 14(5) | Constitution 2008; Appellate jurisdiction of High Court and Supreme Court |
| Right to seek pardon or commutation of death sentence | ICCPR Art 6(4) | Constitution 2008; Clemency Act 2010. Note: Pardons are prohibited for drug trafficking capital offences under the Drugs Act (amended 2026). |
| Prohibition on execution of persons under 18 at time of offence | ICCPR Art 6(5); CRC, Art 37(a) | Protection of the Rights of Children Act 2019 |
| Prohibition on execution of pregnant women and new mothers | ICCPR Art 6; ECOSOC Safeguards (Res 1984/50) | Death penalty procedure regulations |
| Transfer to serve sentence in home country | UN Model Agreement (GA Res 40/32 1985) | No domestic prisoner transfer legislation identified. Confirmed agreements with Sri Lanka and India. |
